The main purpose of this study is to determine the mean ages and standard deviation of eruption times for permanent dentition among Sudanese children and to compare it with other population groups. Methodology : Descriptive cross sectional study school-based, basic schools in Khartoum state,study sample was 616 individuals. Conclusion: from the result of the present study it could be concluded that parallel to earlier reports on different ethnic groups, the results of this study indicate that the permanent teeth of Sudanese children in Khartoum state erupt earlier in girls than in boys. The difference range from four months to one year.In this study the permanent teeth of Sudanese children in Khartoum state clearly emerge later than Africans by about 18 months. Caucasian precedes Sudanese in eruption time of anterior teeth only by 12 to 18 months with exception of these anterior teeth the time of eruption is almost same.

Objective: Research plays a vital role in advancing knowledge therefore it is considered to have a positive impact on Medical and Dental Students. This Survey based study was aimed to assess the Concept of research among Dental students and Recent graduates in Karachi. The participants were evaluated quantitively in accordance with their Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards conducting research. Methodology: A cross sectional, Questionnaire based study was conducted on Dental students and House officers of Dr Ishrat-Ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences- Dow University Of Health Sciences (DIEKIOHS-DUHS), Karachi- Pakistan. A self-constructed Questionnaire comprising of 20 questions was distributed among a total of 300 participants that incorporated 3rd year, 4th year and House officers of our Dental College. This Questionnaire stressed on to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of these participants. A descriptive statistics and frequency analysis were carried out on the gathered data using SPSS. Chi-square test was also applied in this study. Moreover, One-Way ANOVA test was used to analyse the relation between the Age and the Status. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.[11] Results: The Response Rate of this study was 100%, reflecting the positive attitude of students towards research. The outcome of the participants according to their status included 3rd year (N=130,43.3%), 4th year (N=70,23.3%) and House Officers (N=100,33.3%). There was gender inequality as majority of the participants were females (n=215). A systematic review of the knowledge and attitude of the participants of DIEKIOHS-DUHS reveal that 83.8% of the students had a positive attitude, whereas only 33.9% of the students submitted right answers for Questions concerning knowledge regarding research. Subsequently, it is concluded that students of DIEKIOHS are inclined to alter the current trends in the future. Conclusion: A Moderate level of knowledge and a decent practice approach of the students were prevailed from this study. However, they possessed a remarkable attitude towards conducting research. It can be highlighted that if major barriers (topic selection, literature search and academic overload)[1] in conducting research subside, students of DIEKIOHS would be prone to conduct further researches in their future.

Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate the effect of different veneering techniques; Layering, Pressing, Double Veneering and CAD-On, and Hydrothermal aging on the color and translucency parameters of Y-TZP zirconia ceramics. Methodology: 40 zirconia discs were milled and sintered. Zirliner was then applied to the discs and fired. The discs were then divided into 4 equal groups (n=10) according to the veneering technique used: a) Layering, b) Pressing, c) Double veneering technique and d) CAD-on veneering technique. Color parameters of the core veneered specimens were then measured. The data was expressed in terms of the three coordinate values L*, a* and b*. The color of a standard shade tab was also measured as the control group. The Translucency parameter (TP) values were evaluated by measuring the mean color difference of the specimens on black and white backgrounds. Hydrothermal aging was then performed on the discs and the color parameters and translucency were measured and ΔE was compared before and after aging. Results: ΔE mean values showed statistically significant difference between groups, where pressing technique showed statistically significantly highest mean ΔE values followed by layering technique and double veneering, while CAD-on showed the statistically significant lowest mean ΔE values. Moreover, regardless of veneering technique, there was a statistically significant decrease in mean (TP) values after aging resulting in more opaque specimens. Conclusion: Different veneering techniques and aging exhibited changes in the color and translucency parameters of Y-TZP zirconia ceramics. After hydrothermal aging, the mean color differences (ΔE) of different veneering techniques were below the perceptible range (ΔE). The translucency of different veneering techniques was negatively influenced by hydrothermal aging.

Objective: This review investigated the potential of application of regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) in mature necrotic permanent teeth with apical pathology, as an alternative to root canal treatment (RCT), in terms of elimination of signs and symptoms and healing of apical lesions. Material and methods: Electronic searches were performed in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane library databases. The retrieved studies were evaluated according to pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Among 344 retrieved studies, 10 fit the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. Conclusions: Although only few clinical reports could be retrieved, their findings were promising and indicated that REP can to some extent replace RCT, since elimination of clinical signs and symptoms and apical lesion resolution could be accomplished with REPs. Re-establishment of tooth sensation may also be possible. Further research is necessary to establish reliable protocols for REPs in mature teeth.