The aim of the present study is to improve the bioavailability of fluconazole as a topical antifungal drug by developing an optimized formulation of fluconazole vesicular system for enhanced skin delivery.Different fluconazole loaded vesicular systems were prepared and optimized using a 23 full factorial design considering three independent factors at two levels. In this design, three factors were evaluated; phosphatidyl choline (PC): cholesterol molar ratio (XA), amount of drug added (XB) and type of vesicles either liposomes or ethosomes (XC). The particle size of the vesicles, percentage entrapment efficiency(%EE) and the fluconazole release rate through synthetic membrane were chosen as dependent variables. The levels of the independent variables were chosen based on the preliminary experiments.All fluconazole formulations showed particle size ranging from 794.2 to 5425 (μm), the drug entrapment efficiency ranged from 71.25 to 93.75% and the in vitro drug released ranged from 150.87 to 239.58 (μg/hr/cm2). Screening the influence of the studied factors in the factorial design on the responses revealed that the particle size and %EE of liposomes and ethosomes were increased by decreasing both phosphatidyl choline: cholesterol molar ratio and the drug amount. The release rate of fluconazole through synthetic membrane was increased in both liposomes and ethosomes by increasing phosphatidyl choline: cholesterol molar ratio and the drug amount.It was suggested that the optimized formulation (5:1 phosphatidyl choline: cholesterol molar ratio and 100 mg drug amount) was found to have particle size 5389.85μm, entrapment efficiency 99.5324% and release rate of fluconazole through synthetic membrane 119.906 μg/hr/cm2.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of major phytochemicals and the anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects of the methanolic extract of the plant Spinacia oleracea L. leaves. Phytochemical analysis of Spinacia oleracea L. displayed the presence of alkaloids, saponinsand tannin types of compounds. The anti-oxidative effect was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging activity method. The methanolic extract of Spinacia oleracea L. leaves is found to have no antioxidant activity. The IC50of the extraction is 211081.58 μg /ml. In case of anti-diabetic activity test good anti-diabetic activity was observed. Mice treated with extract Group (250 mg/kg) showed decrease (from 21.7 mM ± SEM to 14.1mM ± SEM) (p<0.05) in blood glucose concentration at 120 min and extract group (500 mg/kg) showed decrease (from 24.9 mM ± SEM to 14.3 mM ± SEM) (p<0.05) at 120 min compared with Standard Group (from 25.6 mM ± SEM to 11.2mM ± SEM) at 120min.