Nanotechnology for Epicutaneous Delivery of Vaccine

 

P. Srinivasa babu, Oruganti Sai Koushik, Ramadoss Karthikeyan*

In vaccine development Nanotechnology plays a significant role increasingly. The formulations that boost antigen effectiveness are increasingly needed, whereas vaccine development orientates toward less immunogenic minimalist compositions. In vaccine formulations the use of nanoparticles permits not simply slow release and targeted delivery, but also immunogenicity and improved antigen stability. However, tasks remain due to a lack of fundamental understanding regarding the in vivo behaviour of nanoparticles, which can operate as either a delivery system to enhance antigen processing and enhance immunity. A broad overview of recent advances in prophylactic nanovaccinology is discussed in this review.
Types of nanoparticles and their interaction with immune cells and the biological system are discussed. Due to concerns about the weak intrinsic instability in vivo, toxicity, immunogenicity of these vaccines, and the need for multiple administrations, improvements of conventional vaccines advancements are undoubtedly required. To overcome such problems, vaccine development has been incorporated with nano-technology platforms. The study of nanotechnology for epicutaneous delivery of pharmaceuticals and vaccines is escalating. The possibility of targeted therapy and Combined with novel pharmacokinetics, nanotechnology-based vaccines might have the potential to open therapeutic avenues for treating infectious disease and malignancy than the present vaccines.

How do the Number and the Duration Between Osteopathic Treatments Influence the Effect on Patients Suffering from Foot-Related Pain? A Dose-Response Study

 

Joachim Kaufmann* and Stig Larsen

Aim: To determine the combination of the “number of treatments” and the “interval between treatments” in order to optimize the osteopathic treatment effect on foot-related pain. 
Material & Methods: The material consists of 32 female and 22 male patients with a mean age of 42 years (SD =13.1) and BMI of 27.0 (SD =4.4). Ten patients reported injury on the left side, 17 patients on the right side, and 27 patients suffered on both sides. The study was performed as an observer blinded, randomized single center trial with 32 -factorial design. The factors used were “number of treatments” and “treatment intervals”. Patients were allocated to treatment groups by nested block randomization with a fixed block size of 18 and 6, respectively. “Pain at rest” and “pain at load” were recorded on a 10 cm Visual Analog Scale before, one day after final treatment, and 4-week follow-up. 
Results: Four treatments with 7-day intervals were found to be the superior combination for reducing pain at rest. Significant reduction in pain at rest was obtained in all groups given four treatments. Both the 7-day and 10-day interval groups reported a significant reduction in pain at load after receiving four treatments and the 10-day treatment interval found to be the optimal combination. Number of treatments seemed to be the dominant factor, but the treatment intervals played an important role. An increase in the number of treatments recommended an increased duration between treatments in order to obtain effective and significant pain reduction. 
Conclusion: The most significant reduction in pain at rest and at load occurs after four treatments administered at 7- and 10-day intervals, respectively.

Dynamics of Euglena Bloom Growing in a Pond Ecosystem at Madhuraghat Floodplain area near Barak River, Southern Assam, North-East India

 

Shampa Deb*

Floodplain ponds are common features of the river systems in North East India. In these ecosystems algae is of great importance as a major source of organic matter located at the base. Limnological characteristics of floodplain ponds in different seasons are related to the hydrological condition of the river. A study was conducted on a bloom acquiring floodplain pond near Barak River of Cachar district, North-East India. It showed a pattern of variation of physico-chemical parameters of water and their influence on the occurrence of Euglena bloom and the distribution of other algal species. The paper also focuses the impact of Euglena sp. on the growth and development of fish fauna

Altitude Health Problems and their Remedies

 

Reena Hooda*

People, who have visits to high altitudes, do experience certain type of health problems as they transits to different altitude ranges. With ascend to high altitude, various kinds of acute and chronic physiological changes occur which influence all system of human body. These problems although have temporary manifestations, arising due to maladjustment of body to abrupt altitudinal changes in oxygen, atmospheric pressure and gravity but sometimes can be life threatening. Often it has been found that these symptoms are confused with other complications of body. Present review mention different type of altitude health problems, their symptoms, herbal and synthetic drugs that is helpful in these conditions.