Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) is a not invasive diagnostic imaging tool for the detection of the most common heart diseases.It creates images from atomic nuclei with uneven spin using radiowaves in the presence of a magnetic field. For clinical purposes, magnetic resonance (MR) is performed using hydrogen-1, which is abundant in water and fat. Radiofrequency waves excite the area of interest to create tissue magnetization that decays (relaxation) and after a short period is induced to release energy as a radio signal. These echoes are converted with Fourier transformation into images of spatially resolved radio signals. Relaxation is quantified in spatially orthogonal directions as T1 and T2, which allows tissue characterization to serve as a powerful clinical tool. Recently CMR has become the gold standard for evaluating myocardial function, volumes, and scarring. It is an indispensable tool in the evaluation of congenital heart disease, heart failure, cardiac masses, pericardial disease, and coronary artery disease. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging is unique in its comprehensive tissue characterization, including assessment of myocardial oedema, myocardial siderosis, myocardial perfusion, and diffuse myocardial fibrosis. This review is focused on advantages of the detection of suspected cardiomyopathies, in particular in the case of the dilatative cardiomyopathy, the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the right ventricular arrhythmia cardiomyopathy that have been examined in this tractation.

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have attracted enormous scientific and technological interest due to their ease of synthesis, chemical stability, and unique optical properties. In this work the absorbance of the Au NPs at 520 nm decreased and in 640 increased with the increase in the concentration of betamethasone (BET) and nephazoline (NEP). The rate of absorbance change in these drugs is difference. For this reason we can simultaneously determine the BET and NEP. The color change of the Au NPs with different concentrations of these drugs could make it convenient to be observed by the naked eye. The formation of Au NPs in the presence of citrate was monitored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The experimental conditions were optimized to obtain the highest yield for nanoparticle formation. Partial least square (PLS) regression as an efficient multivariate spectral calibration method was employed to make a connection between the SPR spectra of the generated Au NPs. The number of PLS latent variables was optimized by leave-one-out cross-validation utilizing prediction residual error sum of square (PRESS). This method allowed the determination of BET and NEP in the range of 0.05-13 μg / mL (R2 = 0.9907) and 13-133.3 μg / mL (R2 = 0.9906), with a low detection limit of 0.006 and 0.14 μg / mL (S/N= 5), respectively. This method was found to be sensitive and selective and was applied for the determination of BET and NEP in serum and Eye drops.

Recently, Fab fragment gene was discovered in the Asterid genome (Asterias rubens genome).More recently was found the Fab fragment gene in the Ophiocomina nigra genome with an e-value of 3,00E-12 and 89,38 identity ( Homo sapiens/0.nigra).This discovery corroborates the presence of a primitive antibody in Ophuirids.