Review on Stem Cell Therapy and Their Role in Cancer Treatment

Wakuma Mitku, Wale Tesfaye, Ashenafi Wubshet*

In the world, cancer remains a major cause of mortality. Despite great progresses have been made in understanding the molecular basis of cancer, the progress in cancer detection and treatment, mortality is still high and there is not a cure despite great improvements have been made in therapies. Stem cell based regenerative therapies have raised hopes for novel therapeutic approaches. Stem cells are cells that have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self renewal and to generate mature cells of a particular tissue through differentiation. A critical comparison of the attributes of several types of stem cells is presented with particular emphasis on properties that are critical for the application of these cells for therapeutic purposes. The importance of an autologous source of pluripotent stem cells is stressed. Like normal tissue stem cells, CSCs are capable of self-renewal, either by symmetric or asymmetric cell division and have the exclusive ability to reproduce malignant tumors indefinitely. Understanding of CSCs physiology and metabolism may be crucial for the development of novel effective therapies. Current chemotherapies cause severe side effects because which target all rapidly dividing cells. Although the treatments that target only CSCs which cause fewer side effects for patients due to the similarities between CSCs and normal tissue stem cells. The major obstacle to the development of effective cancer therapy is believed to be the absence of sufficient specificity. Since the discovery of the tumor-oriented homing capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the application of specific anticancer gene-engineered MSCs has held great potential for cancer therapies.

Paradigm Shift in Discovery & Secretion of Biosimilars via Path Breaking Innovation

 Pawan Saharan

Radha108 nano peptides stimulate the Cytotoxic T-cells of the innate immune system to naturally produce bio similars like cytokines (interleukins and interferons). Radha108 is proven to increase the production of these cytokines by 5 folds. These nano peptides get absorbed in the blood through buccal mucosa and have potential of crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB).

Radha108 acts on pituitary gland that in turn promotes the differentiation of B cells, maturation of macrophages, monocytes and stimulates the production of cytokines IL-1 to IL-11, TNF-α, INF–γ. It also helps in the maturation of immature thymocytes either into helper or suppressor T cells that help in priming body’s immune system against infections and immune disorders like asthma, allergy, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), carcinomas and type 2 diabetes thereby saving huge amount of resources and money that are spent in treating such ailments with little or no efficacy.

Radha108 acts as a molecular signaling device which works through receptors on target cell surfaces. These nano-informational peptide proteins mitigate cell fusion by docking on the glycoprotein receptors present on the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for Gp120, Gp180 and Gp160 thereby closing the entry of virus, foreign antigen and allergens.

Radha 108 nano peptides SEQ ID 1-8 was extracted from bovine colostrum and has been granted the US patent (U.S. Patent No. 9,249,188 & 8,518,454 B2). These nano peptides consist of ELVPGVPRGTQL (DNA- binding Protein Inhibitor ID -3), VAIIQHMIKKLR (Epstein – Barr virus induced gene-2), LPQEVLNENLLRF (Alpha S1- Casein), RLNARMAELR ( S-adenosylm ethionine synthetase isoform type -1), SSLQVLNMSHN( Toll- like receptor -4), EYQELMNVK (Keratin type II cytoskeletal 59kDa component IV), VDTLNDEINFLR (Keratin type II cytoskeletal 7), DGIVNENLAER ( Ribonucleoside – diphosphate reductase small chain).

Thus, Radha 108 nanopeptides stimulate the secretion of bio- similars (wide range of cytokines like interleukins and interferons) that are very effective in treating viral infections like HIV, cold, swine flu and immune disorders like allergy, asthma, arthritis, diarrhea, fatiguemalaise, anaemia, endometriosis by stimulating the cytotoxic T cells.

Pathological Changes in Liver Structure and Function of Oreochromis Niloticus Experimentally Exposed to Escherichia Coli

Amal M. Yacoub, Sherifa Sabra and Mona Al-Kourashi

Fish of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) were treated with different concentrations of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)as (103-105, 106-107 and 109-1010 CFU /ml water).The investigation had conducted to detect experimentally the impact of E. coli toxins on Oreochromis niloticus fish throughout physiological liver function and histopathogical changes of liver. The values of GPT, GOT and alkaline Phosphatase ranged between (905.90 IU/L -75.40 IU/L), (4827.7 IU/L - 385.50 IU/L) and (51.30 IU/L -5.70 IU/L) for the three liver enzymes respectively. The liver of Oreochromis niloticus treated with Escherichia coli demonstrated fatty degeneration, ballooning degeneration, pyknotic nuclei of hepatocytes, necrosis of hepatocytes and pancreatic acini, hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltration of WBCs and accumulation of hemosiderin pigment. The results of the experiment revealed that the liver of O. niloticus was highly susceptible to E. coli infection inducing elevated liver enzymes and reversible and irreversible liver damage and finally caused mortality in the highest concentration.

Simplified Method for the Cultivation of Spirulina for Domestic Use

S.Krupanidhi*, P. Srivani , K.Tony , S.Akhila , M.Nageswara Rao , M.Amaze, B.Rajesh , K.Vimila , K.Dhanalaksmi, K.Pavan Kalyan, M. Indira, Md.N. Bobby, K. Prakash Narayana Reddy and R. Sivakuma

Spirulina is a blue-green algae. There are three predominant species in India namely Spirulina platensis, Spirulina fusiformis and Spirulina maxima. All of them are profusely enriched with nutrients. As a consequence, Spirulina formulations are made available in the market for use. Unique attributes of Spirulina are autotrophic and alkallophyletic and hence the energy requirements to maintain its culture at home are almost nullified. The sunlight that we obtain at our homes is more than adequate for its growth and replication. Mineral replenishment only needs to be supplemented. Yet, another important ingredient in the culture medium is pH. Spirulina prefers to grow in extreme alkaline medium under sunlight that restrains from most of the facultative bacteria and fungi which otherwise contaminate the culture medium. Therefore, little sophistication is required for its maintenance at domestic premises. The medium composition tried in our lab led to the profuse growth of the culture as indicated through the intensity of the green colour in the wider plastic tubs and obtained biomass was processed for the preparation of dried flakes.