Biotechnology of Human Nervous System

*Entela Shkëmbi, Nicola Daniele, Francesco Zinno

Ion Channels a cell membrane channel that is selectively permeable to certain ions (as of calcium or sodium) Synapses aregion where nerve impulses are transmitted and received,encompassing the axon terminal of a neuron that releasesneurotransmitters in response to an impulse, an extremely small gapacross which the neurotransmitters travel, and the adjacent membraneof an axon, dendrite, or muscle or gland cell with the appropriatereceptor molecules for picking up the neurotransmitters. Biological Neural networks draw much of their inspiration from the biological nervous system. It is therefore very useful to have some knowledge of the way this system is organized.

Thermophilic Bacilli Isolated from Armenian Geothermal Springs and Their Potential for Production of Hydrolytic Enzymes

Hovik H. Panosyan

The isolation and identification based on phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of the thermophilic bacteria from different geothermal springs (with temperature 27.5–70 °C) distributed on the territory of Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh were carried out. In total 135 thermophilic and thermotolerant bacilli strains were isolated under aerobic conditions at 55-65 °C and indentified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as representatives of genera Anoxybacillus, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Paenibacillus, Sporosarcina, Ureibacillus and Thermoactinomyces. These thermophilic bacilli were tested for enzyme production capacities such as lipase, protease, amylases and biotechnologically valuable enzyme producers were selected.

Fermentation of Milk with a View of Antioxidant Activity

Mirjana Menkovska, Julijana Tomovska*, Nikola Gjorgievski 

This study focuses on investigation of milk fermentation process and the development of antioxidant activity measured by the lipid peroxidation assay. Raw cow milk was fermented using symbiosis of the cultures Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, as well as the monocultures Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidus. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPI) was determined by a method based on developing of a dyed system using the thiobarbituric acid and iron ions. Titrable acidity (0 SH) was also assayed by Soxlet’s extractor. The results obtained from the investigation showed that the values of LPI were increased at the end of the investigation with all the strains of the cultures applied, ranging from 52,87%; 65,85%; 76,07% and 65,67%.. The maximum inhibition capacity of lipid peroxidation possessed Lactobacillus acidophilus, than Bifidobacterium bifidus. Milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus also demonstrated the maximum degree of titrable acidity with a value of 40,06 оSH what proved that Lactobacillus acidophilus possessed the most proteolytic ability among the all strains used. This is of great importance for the production of yogurt where these two cultures are applying for, providing health benefits for the consumers.

Apigenin Regulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/9 and Rho GTPase Family Through FAK Signal to Reduce Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells Metastasis

Yuan-Wei Shih*, Shang-Tao Chien, Ming-Der Shi

Cancer metastasis is the toughest problem in cancer therapy. Once tumor cells have the ability of surrounding cell invasion, the survival rate of patient with tumor disease will be reduced. Hence, prevent or reduce the cancer metastasis will can increase the patients’ survival rate. Apigenin has been demonstrated optimal effect in cancer prevention and reduce cancer metastasis, including breast cancer. In this study, we verify low dose (≤5 μg/ml) apigenin exposure 3 h would not influence the MCF-7 cells viability but can decrease its FAK signal activation to reduce matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) expression. Moreover, low dose apigenin treated in MCF-7 cells could reduce the cell mobility through the Rho GTPases (Ras, Rac-1, cdc-42, and RhoA) downregulation to cause cytoskeleton remodeling. Presented results have demonstrated the role of apigenin on breast cancer metastasis is associated with FAK signal pathway inhibition. The capacity of low dose apigenin treated in breast cancer for short time has been clarified here. And thus may find widespread application in clinical therapy as an anti-metastatic medicament.

Analysis of Genetic Fidelity of Wild Type and in Vitro Regenerated Aloe Vera Plants Through Rapd and Issr Molecular Markers

Zarreen Badar*, Saifullah Khan, Huma Rao

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) marker assays were employed to investigate polymorphism level of conventionally grown wild type and in vitro propagated Aloe vera plants. Despite having phenotypic similarities in the plantlets, variation in the genomic constituents has been effectively established through RAPD and ISSR markers showing 33% and 25% polymorphism respectively.